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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

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Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ
Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn (in Arabic)
Incumbent
Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
since 23 January 2015
Details
StyleCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques (formal)
or
His Majesty (diplomatic relations)
First monarchSaladin
Formation12th century CE (de facto)
November 1986 (de jure)
ResidenceAl-Yamamah Palace
(Riyadh)
Al-Salam Palace
(Jeddah)
Websitealharamain.gov.sa

Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (abbreviation CTHM; Arabic: خَادِمُ ٱلْحَرَمَيْنِ ٱلشَّرِيفَيْنِ, romanized: Khādim al-Ḥaramayn aš-Šarīfayn, lit. 'Servant of the Two Noble Sanctuaries'), or Protector of the Two Holy Cities, is a royal style that has been used officially by the monarchs of Saudi Arabia since 1986. The title has historically been used by many Muslim rulers in the past, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Ottomans and the Sharifain rulers of Hejaz. The title was sometimes regarded to denote the de facto Caliph of Islam,[1] but it mainly refers to the ruler taking the responsibility of guarding and maintaining the two holiest mosques in Islam: Al-Haram Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلْحَرَامُ, romanized: Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām, "The Sacred Mosque") in Mecca and the Prophet's Mosque (Arabic: اَلْمَسْجِدُ ٱلنَّبَوِيُّ, romanized: Al-Masjid an-Nabawī) in Medina,[1][2] both of which are in the Hejazi region[3] of Saudi Arabia. The Custodian has been named the most powerful and influential person in Islam and the Sunni branch of Islam by The Muslim 500, as well as the most powerful Muslim and Arab ruler in the world.[4]

Styles of
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Reference styleCustodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Spoken styleHis Majesty

History

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The holy mosques of Mecca (left) and Medina (right), illustrated in an 18th-century religious manuscript

It is believed that the first person to use the title was Saladin.[5]

After defeating the Mamluks and gaining control of the Mecca and Medina in 1517, the Ottoman sultan Selim I adopted the title. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: حَاكِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Ruler of the Two Sanctuaries), he accepted the title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn (Arabic: خَادِمُ الْحَرَمَيْن, Servant of the Two Sanctuaries).[6][7][8]

The first King of Saudi Arabia to assume the title was Faisal bin Abdul Aziz (1906–1975). His successor Khalid did not use the title,[5] but the latter's successor Fahd did, replacing the term "His Majesty" with it.[9] The current king, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, took the same title after the death of King Abdullah, his half brother, on 23 January 2015.[2]

List of custodians

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Ayyubid Rulers

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  • Saladin  (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, 1137–1193)

Mamluk Sultans (1250–1517)

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Main article: List of Mamluk sultans

Baḥrī (Turkic) Mamluks (1250–1382)

  1. Shajar al-Durr (r. 1250)
  2. Izz ad-Din Aybak (r. 1250–1257)
  3. |Nur ad-Din Ali (r. 1257–1259)
  4. Saif ad-Din Qutuz (r. 1259–1260)
  5. Baibars (r. 1260–1277)
  6. Al-Said Barakah (r. 1277–1279)
  7. Solamish (r. 1279)
  8. Qalawun (r. 1279–1290)
  9. Al-Ashraf Khalil (r. 1290–1293)
  10. An-Nasir Muhammad (1st reign: 1293–1294)
  11. Kitbugha (r. 1294–1296)
  12. Lajin (r. 1296–1299)
  13. An-Nasir Muhammad (2nd reign: 1299–1309)
  14. Baybars al-Jashnakir (r. 1309–1310)
  15. An-Nasir Muhammad (3rd reign: 1310–1341)
  16. Sayf ad-Din Abu Bakr (r. 1341)
  17. Ala'a ad-Din Kujuk (r. 1341–1342)
  18. Al-Nāṣir Aḥmad (r. 1342)
  19. Imad ad-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il (r. 1342–1345)
  20. Sayf ad-Din Sha'ban (r. 1345–1346)
  21. Sayf ad-Din Hajji (r. 1346–1347)
  22. An-Nasir Hasan (1st reign: 1347–1351)
  23. Salah ad-Din Salih (r. 1351–1354)
  24. An-Nasir Hasan (2nd reign: 1354–1361)
  25. Salah ad-Din Muhammad (r. 1361–1363)
  26. Zayn ad-Din Sha'ban (r. 1363–1377)
  27. Ala'a ad-Din Ali (r. 1377–1381)
  28. Salah ad-Din Hajji (1st reign: 1381–1382)

Burjī (Circassian) Mamluks (1382–1517)

  1. Barquq (1st reign: 1382–1389; 2nd reign: 1390–1399)
  2. Nasir ad-Din Faraj (r. 1399–1412) (partial interruptions)
  3. Izz ad-Din Abd al-Aziz (r. 1405)
  4. Barsbay (r. 1422–1438)
  5. Jaqmaq (r. 1438–1453)
  6. Sayf ad-Din Inal (r. 1453–1461)
  7. Khushqadam (r. 1461–1467)
  8. Sayf ad-Din Bilbay (r. 1467)
  9. Timurbugha (r. 1467–1468)
  10. Qaitbay (r. 1468–1496)
  11. Muhammad (r. 1496–1498; again 1498–1500)
  12. Qansuh al-Ghawri (r. 1501–1516)
  13. Tuman bay II (r. 1516–1517)

Ottoman Sultans (1517–1924)

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Main article: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

All Ottoman sultans from the conquest of the Mamluks in 1517 until the abolition of the caliphate in 1924 claimed the title “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.” Notable holders after 1517 include:

  1. Selim I (r. 1512–1520) – conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in 1517
  2. Suleiman I (r. 1520–1566)
  3. Selim II (r. 1566–1574)
  4. Murad III (r. 1574–1595)
  5. Mehmed III (r. 1595–1603)
  6. Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617)
  7. Mustafa I (1st reign: 1617–1618; 2nd reign: 1622–1623)
  8. Osman II (r. 1618–1622)
  9. Murad IV (r. 1623–1640)
  10. Ibrahim (r. 1640–1648)
  11. Mehmed IV (r. 1648–1687)
  12. Suleiman II (r. 1687–1691)
  13. Ahmed II (r. 1691–1695)
  14. Mustafa II (r. 1695–1703)
  15. Ahmed III (r. 1703–1730)
  16. Mahmud I (r. 1730–1754)
  17. Osman III (r. 1754–1757)
  18. Mustafa III (r. 1757–1774)
  19. Abdul Hamid I (r. 1774–1789)
  20. Selim III (r. 1789–1807)
  21. Mustafa IV (r. 1807–1808)
  22. Mahmud II (r. 1808–1839)
  23. Abdulmejid I (r. 1839–1861)
  24. Abdulaziz (r. 1861–1876)
  25. Murad V (r. 1876)
  26. Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876–1909)
  27. Mehmed V (r. 1909–1918)
  28. Mehmed VI (r. 1918–1922)
  29. Abdulmejid II (caliph: 1922–1924) – last Ottoman caliph, titular custodian until the caliphate’s abolition

Saudi Kings (1986–present)

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Main article: List of kings of Saudi Arabia

In 1986, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia replaced “His Majesty” with the title “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.” All subsequent Saudi kings have continued to use it:

  1. Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 1982–2005) – adopted the formal title in 1986
  2. Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 2005–2015)
  3. Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (r. 2015–present)

References

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  1. ^ a b Wood, Paul (1 August 2005). "Life and legacy of King Fahd". BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  2. ^ a b "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz". The Saudi Embassy in Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  3. ^ Hopkins, Daniel J.; 편집부 (2001). Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. p. 479. ISBN 0-87779-546-0. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
  4. ^ "The Five Most Influential Muslims in the World - British Muslim Magazine". 18 November 2022. Archived from the original on 28 July 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  5. ^ a b Fakkar, Galal (27 January 2015). "Story behind the king's title". Arab News. Jeddah. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2016.
  6. ^ Emecen, Feridun (2009). "Selim I". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 36 (Sakal – Sevm) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 413–414. ISBN 978-975-389-566-8.
  7. ^ İlber Ortaylı, "Yavuz Sultan Selim" Archived 14 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Milliyet (In Turkish)
  8. ^ "İlber Ortaylı, "Surre alayı Topkapı Sarayı'ndan geçiyor"" [İlber Ortaylı, "The Surre procession passes through Topkapı Palace"]. Milliyet (in Turkish). 20 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  9. ^ "Fahad played pivotal role in development". Gulf Daily News. 2 August 2005. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
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